Comparing Fluid Flow Of Smooth And Rough Pipes

Comparing Fluid Flow Of Smooth And Rough Pipes The pipe flow investigation compared the fluid flow of smooth and rough pipes of varying diameters. The pressure drop across the pipes was recorded to find both the friction factors and Reynolds numbers. A moody diagram was plotted comparing the friction factor versus the Reynolds number. A graph of the experimental friction factor was compared to the theoretical friction factor for the transition of a pipe from smooth to rough. It is assumed that the fluid used for the pipe flow was incompressible and pipes were entirely horizontal with constant diameters throughout the tested length. The energy equation is used to compare the steady, uniform flows at the inlet and outlet. = pressure = density = kinetic energy flux coefficient = average fluid velocity = gravity z = vertical height of the pipe =total head loss = specific work done by the control volume. The change in pressure that is found for each pipe is equivalent to the loss of head across each respective pipe and related by the equation below. . (2) It is also assumed to have a constant volumetric flow rate, constant vertical height, no work involved in the flow of the fluid, and a constant flow velocity. By using the average velocity we can determine whether the fluid is laminar or turbulent. A Reynolds number below 2300 describes a laminar flow and that above 2300 is turbulent. , (3) = Reynolds number = pipe diameter = viscosity of the fluid. Below is the Darcy or Moody friction factor, , which is valid for laminar flows. This equation is independent of the roughness of the pipe. . (4) The friction produced by the roughness in the pipes causes head loss. Unlike Eq. 4, the next equation is valid for turbulent flows with Reynolds values above 2300. . (5) The Colebrook equation covers transitionally rough regions which are between smooth and rough walled piping. This equation is implicit for . , (6) where the relative roughness of the pipe is . Methods The Pipe Flow Lab equipment included: Four horizontal pipes of varying roughness and diameters arranged in a pipe flow apparatus with a self-contained water supply, valve to isolate pipe of interest, inlet flow control valve to control the flow rate, volumetric measuring tank collects water, sight tube, graduated cylinder, stopwatch, calipers, and electronic manometer to measure pressure. The change in pressure of one rough and three smooth pipes of varying diameters were measured. These values helped compare the friction factors to the Reynolds number of the fluid. Each pipe was individually experimented on by allowing the water to run through that particular pipe until it reached a constant flow rate. The change of pressure was read off the electronic manometer and a stop watch was used to measure the time it took to fill the tank to a particular volume. The pressure was lowered by a given increment for each trial until it reached a given value and repeated for each pipe. The temperature of the water was measured at the end of the experiment. Results and Discussion The data for the large smooth pipe, large rough pipe, medium smooth pipe, and small smooth pipe were compiled into Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Eq. 3 was used to find the Reynolds number and the friction factor was calculated using Eq. 5. These values were then plotted in Fig. 1, which is a Moody diagram comparing the Reynolds number to friction factor of all the pipes. The Reynolds number gives the value of a fluids transition from a laminar flow to turbulence. This value is approximately 2300 according to Fig. 1. Since all the points on the Moody graph are greater than 2300, we can conclude that all the flows in this lab are turbulent. The decreasing straight laminar line was produced by using Eq. 4 which is independent of roughness. Then above the Reynolds number of 2300 is the theoretical rough turbulent and smooth turbulent lines. The smooth pipes follow the slightly downward slope of the smooth turbulent theoretical line. The small and medium tubes are for the most part above the theoretical line which is expected because there is probably build up in the tube causing a slight roughness which would increase the friction factor. The large smooth pipeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s values are below the theoretical line, which is impossible because the tube cannot be smoother than smooth. This error could be a cause of human error or inaccurate lab equipment. The friction factors of the smooth pipes in increasing order were large, medium, and small. This is what would be expected because the larger diameter pipes should allow for easier flow than a smaller diameter pipe. The large rough tube follows the theoretical rough turbulent trend. Since this tube is rough it should have more friction than the smooth pipes and an increased friction factor. Fig. 1 exhibits this fact because the large rough tube values are well above the smooth tubeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s values. As the Reynolds number gets very large, it becomes a function of only relative roughness e/D. Eq. 7 was used to find the theoretical rough, turbulent flow trend and a relative roughness of e/D, of 0.093 was determined. Table 2 shows the values that were recorded and has lower values for the experimental friction factor than the theoretical values. As with the large smooth pipe, this is not what we would expect and it is caused by lab errors. Both large pipes were located in the same Reynolds number region but with different friction factors. This is understandable since they have the same diameters but the only difference is the roughness inside the pipe causing friction. The fluctuations in friction factor values are due to errors that occurred during the investigation procedure. An error that could have affected the results of this investigation would be the actual smoothness of the pipes. The smooth pipes could have build up from the years of use that would cause some roughness. The roughness would in turn interfere with the fluid flow. Another form of error was with the stop watch and volume reading to find the flow rate. There is a percentage of human error in these measurements and the electronic manometer was also fluctuating during the experiment. These errors can account for the fact that the experimental friction factors were lower than the theoretical values for the large pipes seen in Table 1 and 2. The equations used were approximations and could also account for a slight source of error. Conclusions and Recommendations The values obtained in this investigation led to the calculation of the friction factors and Reynolds numbers for four different pipes. These values were then plotted in a Moody diagram to compare how the roughness and diameter of each individual pipe affected the flow rate of each. The small, medium, and large smooth pipes followed the smooth turbulent theoretical trend. The large pipe had values below the theoretical values. The experimental values should always have been above the theoretical since a pipe canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be any smoother than smooth. These results could be caused by the lab errors that were listed above. The friction factors of the smooth pipes in increasing order were large, medium, and small. This is what would be expected because the larger diameter pipes should allow for easier flow than a smaller diameter pipe. The large, rough pipe followed the rough turbulent trend. As the Reynolds number became large the relative roughness became the relationship, e/ D. This pipe also had experimental friction factor values below the theoretical values which is impossible and caused by errors in the investigation. The friction factor of the rough pipe was much greater than the smooth pipes, which means that there is more friction in rough pipes. For future investigations, it would be beneficial to take more data points in order to more accurately represent the findings. This could also help keep the margin of error smaller since one or two inaccurate points could be disregarded with a larger data sample. More precise measurement tools would also be very beneficial since there was much uncertainty with the current apparatus.

Greek Mythology Essay

Greek Mythology began in the fifth century B. C. , and mainly involved the people of ancient Greece, who believed in myths about Gods, Goddesses, and heroes. Stories were passed down through all forms of entertainment, theater, and drama. The people of Greece worshipped numerous Gods, including Apollo, God of the Sun, who had a bow, and chariot to drive across the sky daily (borrowed from an earlier pre-Greek Sun god, Helios). Theatre played an important role in how performance and playwright was carried out to honor Dionysus, the ancient Greek god of harvest and wine. Sophocles was one of the most influential writers, who touch based on the three forms of play, which were tragedies, comedies, and satires. Men and women’s influence towards Greek culture, created a big impact in society, which had a main focus towards art, religion, slavery, language, and education in the form of military training in preparation for war. Everything in Greek Mythology somehow explained creation, and the world, the same reasons as any other religious group since the beginning of civilization they saw God as, basic religious and social truths. Greek Mythology reference to all in that time period was created with legends to try to make sense of that little that was understood of the world. Apollo Apollo is referenced as several noteworthy definitions, including a series of manned US spacecraft designed to explore the moon and surrounding space. NASA’s Apollo 11 pace flight landed the first humans on Earth’s Moon. Apollo, as a Greek god was important in our society today in belief. According to Pantheon and Encyclopedia Mythica Apollo was born on the island of Delos in Greece to supreme and overruling god Zeus, and Leto, believed goddess of motherhood, protectress of the young, modesty and womanly demure. Zeus’s wife, Hera became jealous and exiled her from all land of the earth, and she later gave birth to Apollo and his twin sister Artemis, Goddesses of wilderness, hunting, and wild animals on the island of Delos, in the Aegean Sea, off the southern coast of Crete. The goddess Themis assisted in raising them by feeding them ambrosia, the sacred nectar of the gods. Apollo was born by Zeus and Leto on the Greek island of Delos and lived on Mount Olympus. He had three notable relationships with the Nymphs Cyrene and Daphne and the mortal Coronis, resulting in four children. The Gods of Greece stated Apollo’s reason, nobility, form, action, apprehension, and beauty were his essential attributes. Apollo was a handsome, strong and youthful god with impressive golden hair. According to Greek-gods. info Apollo was the Greek god of the Music, and invented the lute, but he was more popular for playing the lyre, which was invented by Hermes, the messenger of the gods. Apollo excelled in important musical contests, competing against Greek god Hermes and the Satyr Pan as well as other gods. Apollo like his father sought out many wives, including nymphs, and adolescents, leading to dozens of relationships, and children. The Python of Delphi, which was sent by Hera to chase Leto out of all lands, was a deadly creature within the body of a snake. As a strong boy, Apollo was only a few days old when he given a bow and arrows by the blacksmith Hephaestus. This gave him an opportunity to avenge his past, by killing the Python. Apollo killed the Python with one arrow to the head as it lunged at him. The death of the Python, led him to joy and happiness, in singing a song of victory, allowing him to become the God of Music. Although his avengement of the Python was a crime as a God, he was given the duty of instituting the Pythian Game (athletic and musical Olympics) for cleansing which took place every four years in honor of him. Playwright/Drama Sophocles played a major role in the creation of Greek tragedy in playwright. Sophocles wrote over 120 plays, many of them great tragedies, including Elektra, Oedipus Rex, and Antigone. According to Enloehs. wcpss. net, Sophocles education in the arts and experience competing in, an annual festival held at the Theatre of Dionysus, allowed him to become a tragedian. Sophocles, by Harold Bloom states that Sophocles focus towards playwright was based on superhuman influences, which were the subject of his hopes and fears, the object of his prayers and sacrifices. â€Å"With a strong concrete imagination, reinforced by the work of poets, and later sculptors, Sophocles imposed clarity of form with shape, emotions, and family relationships. † Decrees of fate were thought to be naturally regarded as decrees of the god where death was to become a problem. Ajax, written by Sophocles is about Greek commander, Odysseus, who begins searching for Ajax, whom he believes has killed a herd of cattle over the night. Ancient-literature. com entails the Greek tragedy written in the 5th century B. C. (Previously, Odysseus was given the armor of war-hero, Achilles over Ajax angering him. ) He is told by Athena that Ajax was possessed, because he mistook the Greek soldiers for herd, and comes to believe it. Ajax apologizes for his mistake when his wife, Tecmessa tells the chorus, and considers death as a punishment for his error. Again, Ajax reconsiders his consequences, and to devote himself to worshipping the gods and to Greek leaders. During a visit to the city Ajax’s half-brother, Teucer, learns about Ajax incident and warns him to remain inside his tent if he wants to stay alive. Ajax in the end kills himself by throwing himself on a sword, with for vengeance against Greek leaders and army for acknowledging Odysseus over him in the Trojan War. Although disputed as dishonored warrior, Odysseus calls for a proper funeral for his enemy, allowing Teucer to carry out final burial rites. Because Athena causes Ajax to go mad by thinking he’s killed his comrades, he savagely butchers livestock. Once he sees what he’s done, suicide becomes the only honorable way out, which makes him the tragic hero in the end, since he was second in ranking to Achilles, and Ajax becomes overwhelmed with vengeful passion as Achilles amour is rewarded to Odysseus. Greek Culture According to Maps of the world traditions, religious practices, music, food were all an integral part of the Greece Culture. Large numbers of religious festivals were celebrated by the Greeks in honor of the arts. The Greek Embassy states that the Greek language was derived from the same idiom used by Homer and other famous Greek writers and poets more than 3000 years ago. Greek was the language of the Gospels and has made a major contribution to all western languages. Greece adopted the Phoenician alphabet which’s usage was discontinued by the 5th century B. C, and they eventually changed it into the 24 letter Greek alphabet, still used today. â€Å"In its 3500 year passage  through history, the language has undergone a series of transformations, but Modern Greek can easily be traced back to ancient Greek in the form of the letters, word roots, and structure†, states The Emergence of Greece, by Alan Johnston. The Greek cuisine consisted of a variety of Fruits and vegetables, which played a vital role in making some of the most delectable and unique delicacies passed throughout the Western world. Healthy provisions widely used and often added to foods were garlic, onions, fennel, zucchini, grapes, apples, dates and figs. Seasonings such as mint and oregano and lemon rind were first developed in Greece to add flavoring and spice to certain foods. According to Maps of the World Pork, beef, and Lamb meat in particular were greatly used in the preparation of Greek Foods, especially during the religious festivals and playing a role in the diet of Greeks. Greek foods importance in Greek’s regime were based on how they prepared it, which varied from being grilled, braised, baked or stewed, and prepared with an assortment of vegetables. Where you lived in Greek city-states depended on how important education was. According Chiddingstone. Kent in Sparta, it was imperative for boys to learn to be good fighters, and for girls to learn how to become future mothers and wives, instead of learning to read and write. School was necessary in Athens in order to vote in the Assembly and philosophy was incorporated in all of their lessons. Preparing boys to later fight in the army was still essential to all cities, since invasion/war was always taken by revelation. Children, who attended school, were often from wealthy families. Chiddingstone. Kent states boys were educated to become good citizens and take part in the public life of the city state. Girls were educated in housekeeping and how to look after their family. It was typical for children to enroll in an apprenticeship, of their parent’s career, and learn from older men. The Greeks believed in many different Gods and goddesses, who controlled everything in their lives and environment. According to Chiddingstone. Kent in order to please the Gods Greeks would pray daily, have burnt offerings and shrines in honor of them, to receive reward instead of punishment. Greeks worshipped the Gods in temples, where deities were placed in admiration for them . Idol and statues of the Gods were placed in each town where ceremonies and festivals were held, and over watched by priests. Priests were believed to be the voice of the Gods, and were specially chosen by the previous priest, or ancestral order. Greeks mainly believed in the twelve most important Gods that lived on Mt. Olympus and were ruled over by Zeus. Impact/Influence According to Pbs. org the Ancient Greeks took their entertainment very seriously and used drama as a way of investigating the world they lived in, and what it meant to be human. This made a large impact in our world, towards the discovery/meaning of constellations, and possible ways of how the Earth may have been created. In drama comedy, satyr plays, and tragedies, were important genres of theater, which contributed to Western drama and culture. Greek and Roman Theater, by Don Nardo states many traditions of ancient Greece, such as comedy, singing, dancing, slapstick, juggling, and nudity were inherited in the early 1900s, creating a large influence for burlesque and entertainers. Greek and Roman Theater states the influence of ancient theater on modern entertainment was profound to nearly all of today’s theatrical conventions, from acting styles, and costumes, to scenery and the shapes of stages, originated with Greeks. Religious plays and theatrical works have somewhat been inspired by Greece, to glorify, rather than to entertain. Depiction of popular stories like Euripides’ Medea and Oedipus the King, have been adapted into Broadway and Musicals. The success of ancient tragedies and comedies on the modern stage can only be explained by the talent and insight of Aeschylus and Sophocles, who captured the essence of true human feelings. According to Curiosity. discovery. com the Greeks introduced our cherished concepts of citizens’ rights, democracy, and freedoms of speech and religion. They excelled in mathematics, physics and astronomy. They also stated that the Greeks intelligence, daring, energetic and sensible, accomplishing great feats in the arts, philosophy, and architecture, made a great impact towards our form of government, and constitution for equal rights. Greek government influenced Western democracies today, by holding elections for officials rather than appointed lords. Greeks inclined modern societies’ hierarchy and developed an organizational structure that defined the roles of each position. Curiosity. Discovery states the Greeks in the fifth century B. C. came up with theories about the planets and their movements, but they did not subject them to tests and experiments. They influenced our theories on creation, and lead most to believe in the Big Bang theory, in the expansion of the universe, elements, and laws of physics. In agreement Scientificmethod. com says Greek philosopher and polymath, Aristotle was one of the first noted original thinkers, for devising methods for trying to arrive at reliable knowledge based on observations. He contributed to the development of the scientific method, with observations used during experiments. At the time when the world was thought to be flat Eratosthenes was first to prove most wrong, when he confirmed the Earth’s shape as round and was able to accurately guess the diameter and circumference. His method to resolve prime number, made a contribution to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. In concurrence to Curiosity. Discovery. com Greek shaped our world through the development of our Alphabet, our way of Warfare, our system of Democracy, leaving a lasting legacy on education mythology, and justice. Annotated Bibliography Huffington, A. S. , & Beny, R. (1983). Apollo. The gods of Greece (pp. 53-67). New York: Abrams The book The Gods of Greece was about the Greek gods, and how they were portrayed as natural, concrete, and worldly in their divinity, entering the lives of the people who worshipped them, and had the outmost flaws, conflict, and failings less than their joys and accomplishments. The book gave a greater understanding of the Greek people at the time and their world. The Gods and goddesses in the book are represented as statues and reliefs in marble, stone, and bronze, revealing unexpected beauty and mystery, toward the Greek celebration of their idol. From the book, information about Apollo was collected, about him being described as an embodiment of the Western ideal of beauty and form in it classical perfection. As the God of music and prophecy, archery, and heroic excellence, Apollo embodied the foundation of the Greek civilization. The book’s Apollo chapter mainly entails the union of Dionysus and Apollo as an eternal bond, because off their importance for imagination, intuition, inspiration, and enthusiasm. Bloom, H. (1990). Fate in Sophocles. Sophocles (pp. 127-136) New York: Chelsea House Publishers. The novel Sophocles, by Harold Bloom brings together a representative selection of the best modern critical views of Sophocles. The novel, describes, all of Sophocles eight remaining plays, which all resemble a powerful portrayal of some irresolvable moral dilemma. The Ajax, Antigone, Poetics, Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Orestia, and Elektra are compared on how well their centered towards the Gods is remote in human character and human choices to acquire a greater significance. Most of the stories had a tragic hero, who existed by blocking out or delaminating the framework of human existence. The plays critical views all connected with human limits, and what Sophocles made clear of what they can achieve within those limits. The Fate in Sophocles described his belief in the operative power of the characters, using vague feeling about destiny. Questions like â€Å"Why does a man suffer? , Why does he fall from the height of prosperity into the pit of disaster? †, were given possibilities as to why the characters were bound to have evil befall them. Greece Culture and Society. (n. d. ). World Map. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http://www. mapsofworld. com/greece/culture-and-society/ Maps of the world is a website that explains the culture of countries and regions, while offering customers to buy a map. The website provides facts, sports, holidays, geography, and information about the education system, at the period, or during its historical time. While providing tourist destinations, the site also lists major cities and their historical locations that may have played a significant role in impacting the countries society and culture. Maps of the world entail the relation of ancient fashion to today, to how they were placed in terms of class. The Greek cuisine’s reflection of their cooking and health conscious diet was related to the typical meals eaten today in Greece. The lifestyle of the people was influenced by diverse traditions and practices that affected the culture of the lands, and later the society in diversity. Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey had a great impact in Greek Literature, and were noted as immense resources with affluence, has influenced towards the history of World Literature. Nardo, D. (1995). Chaper 9. Greek and Roman theater (pp. 89-97). San Diego, CA: Lucent Books. The book explains important dates in the history of Greek and Roman Theater. Theatrical tragedies, of the Golden age of Greece Drama were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euriphdes, who brought the tragic art to the level of literature in understanding. To get the message across a trilogy or series of three related plays were written to broaden the scope. Details of evolution and impact of a concept on justice, greed, or fate were typically shown with a repeating pattern of revenge and murder. Greek comedies were not as important as other forms of theater, but were pleasant to comic relief. Comedies mimicked serious Greek religious rituals with humorous indecent aspects. The start of classical theater portrays the earliest versions of acting, eventually developed into theater for play production and staging areas for religious ceremonies and productions. Many classical Greeks cultural and religious practices were tied to the Minoan times. In theatrical areas seriousness also took a part in formal dancing and singing to honor the gods. How did the Ancient Greeks impact modern Western society? – Curiosity. (n. d. ). Curiosity : Discovery Channel. Retrieved February 7, 2013, from http://curiosity. discovery. com/question/ancient-greeks-impact-western-society Curiosity is a show on the Discovery Channel, where each episode focuses on one question in science, technology, and society. The website is an expert question and answer site where experts and scholars tried to answer some of life’s most profound questions. On the Curiosity website answers to questions on mysteries in fields like space, biology, geology, medicine, physics, technology, nature, archaeology, history, and the human mind are answered by notable professors, authors, filmmakers, and more. â€Å"How did the Ancient Greeks impact our modern Western society? † is the question answered by the Science Channel. Greeks cultural influence in Greek society inspired achievements that shaped the foundation of Western civilization. Greeks in the fifth century B. C. came up with theories about the planets and their movements, but they did not subject them to tests and experiments. They built the base and foundation for many theories that lead us to scientific discoveries, towards the Universe.

Disappearance of its Soviet

In less than two decades, Beijing has taken advantage of the disappearance of its Soviet neighbor to launch its program of development of the â€Å"Great West† and open up Gaining to border actions, while the states of Central Asia, seeking new partners, have sought to benefit from China's dynamism by integrating themselves into the Asia-Pacific zone of prosperity.While the Chinese authorities may make a point of honor in establishing cordial relations with the five states of the region, Astrakhan partnership with China is termed â€Å"strategic, confirming Stand as a major political ally of Beijing in a post-Soviet climate in which the Khaki government is displaying balanced and diversified policies in the face of Moscow heavy- handed presence. This privileged China-Astrakhan partnership is based on a alliterated economic reality. These days, China-Astrakhan trade represents more than two-thirds (about 70 percent) of all China-Central Asia trade.Unlike the other historical p ower in the region, Islam Karamazov Uzbekistan, Astrakhan, under the leadership of President Nursling Nazarene since 1989, has undertaken important economic liberalizing reforms that, despite their limitations, are now succeeding in attracting foreign investment. Astrakhan has thus become the second richest country in the post-Soviet space: with a GAP estimated at $9,400 per capita in 2006, it sits Just behind Russia (with approximately $12,000) but ahead of the other Central Asian countries (between $8,500 and $1,300).In 15 years, it has succeeded in dramatically halving the portion of its population living below the poverty line (now less than 25 percent), whereas in the other four states of the region, more than half of the population is still considered â€Å"poor. † In addition, the country has seen the emergence of a middle class, a guarantee of longer-term stability. The exponential growth in economic relations with China since the beginning of the sass has not once be en challenged.Astrakhan even opened a consulate in Hong Kong in 2003 and one in Shanghai in 2005 to facilitate contact. Nevertheless, economic relations between the two countries reveal multiple imbalances that are increasingly raising questions within Astrakhan's political class and among local experts. While the official Chinese position extols the complementarily of the two economies and the mutual benefit of trade, this optimistic view is largely disputed on the ground. Khaki concerns over possible Chinese domination are based not only on economic arguments .They need o be situated in a social context in which fear of China remains very real: the general lack of knowledge about China, and fear of too great a difference in demographic power, might well be important factors influencing Khaki reactions to China's growing presence. With the increasing integration with the global world, Chinese trade along with world trade as a whole is dominated by trade between major trading blocs, such as East Asia, the North American Free Trade Area (NONFAT) and the European Union (ELI) each of which includes economically advanced market economies.Of these partners Chinese trade with the EX. has increased significantly in importance . In 2008, the EX. imported IIS$378 billion of commodities from China (IIS$ 293. 1 billion reported by China), making China the largest supplier of EX. merchandise imports. These imports included merchandise from EX. companies that had relocated parts of their global production systems in China. The SEIZE exported IIS$ 113 billion of goods to China (IIS$ 132. 8 billion reported by China) making the EX. China's second largest source of imports (after Japan).The result was a IIS$ 265 billion trade deficit for the SEIZE. This deficit is a major source of contention between these two major riding partner. The last 20 years of china economy has been dramatic. World exports from China are growing dramatically to industrial country markets . This proce ss could continue for some time because of huge youth population. However, by some indicators, China's experience is less dramatic than that of Japan and Korea during their period of industrialization and integration with the global economy.Generally speaking trade between developed and developing economies involves a vertical division of labor in which developed economies produce high value-added goods and services and exchange them for low value-added goods and services from economically less-developed countries. When China embarked on a path of export-led growth, it accordingly specialized in sectors producing relatively simple, labor-intensive and mass-produced goods and services.To maintain sustainable economic growth, China's ambition is however to upgrade its industrial structure moving into more advanced sectors and functional roles including in its trade with economically advanced countries . The Chinese-Astrakhan regional economic cooperation, according to national interes ts of the Republic of Astrakhan, has good conditions for institutional semantics. Astrakhan is rich with oil: the proved stocks of oil of 24 billion tons on a land, and stocks of continental seas of 70 million tons.Astrakhan though has a stable and safe outlet to the sea and access to the international markets according to national interests practically it can't provide. To construction Chinese-Astrakhan the oil pipeline and the gas pipeline, practically export by Astrakhan of crude oil, gas and oil products depended on Russia. The Chinese-Astrakhan regional economic cooperation promotes distribution of Astrakhan structures of radioactivity and optimization of distribution of available resources . 1. 2 Astrakhan Trade Research Status Astrakhan for 21 years was deeply integrated into world economy, actively involved in globalization process.Now the republic does business practically all countries of the world. His trade partners are 212 states and territories on all continents. The v olume of the foreign trade commodity turnover for 1994-2010 grew from bal. Dollars to 90,1 billion. The highest volumes in 109,1 bal. Dollars were reached in 2008. In the history of the foreign trade relations of the country positive lance in 39,8 bal. Dollars, received for January – Seep. 2011, it is reached for the first time. It is expected that following the results of 2011 the volume of external commodity turnover will be the highest in the history of the country and will make about 115 bal. Lars. It should be noted that excess of export over import remains same as 1995 so far. In foreign trade of Astrakhan for years of Independence there were changes. Character and the maintenance of the external economic relations led to shifts in a geographical orientation of commodity streams . Two groups of partners were rated. With one steady growth is observed, with others recession was outlined. So, for 1995-2011 in a foreign trade turnover of the country the share of Europe grew from 26% to 31,6%, Asia from to 24%, including China from 4% to 21%, America from 1% to 5, Africa from to 0,22.Growth of deliveries of fuel and energy resources, mineral raw materials to these regions and growing volumes of purchases of the latest cars and the equipment from the developed countries became defining. From Africa, especially from Kenya, import of tea, Ghana cocoa increased, Tunisia and Egypt got wheat, Morocco sulfur. In export structure the greatest share is the share of EX. countries (48,5%), despite its decrease in comparison with 2010 for 3%. The main products of export are energy carriers and oil.The share of export to the Countries in a total amount of export for the last year decreased from 9,4% to 8,6%. Export to China, other countries of the world and other CICS countries for the last year, on the contrary, increased, having made 18,5%, 18,5% and 5,9% respectively. Geography of Astrakhan's exports In structure of import of ARK the greatest share is the share of the Customs union countries – 445% or 16,9 billion USED. This indicator is times more, than import volumes from EX. countries, it is 3,4 times more than a volume of import from China and in 5,7 times more import volume from other CICS countries.The share of deliveries from China, the countries of the Customs union and other CICS countries grows in import of ARK whereas from the others the direction decreases. As a whole volumes of export and ARK import in mutual trade increase, however it is difficult to give an unambiguous assessment of influence of the Customs Union on foreign trade of Astrakhan as process of administrative settlement of functioning of he Customs Union, harmonistic and unification of various procedures at implementation still proceeds mutual trade between participant countries.Further the analysis of structure of export and import in a section of raw and processed production will be carried out, and also specification of processed production on intermedi ate, consumer and means of production is presented. Export of the processed goods of ARK grows, having outstripped in 2011 volumes of 2008 for 10,6% or for 2,1 billion USED. At the same time, the specific weight of the processed export decreases. It is connected by that cost the volume of raw export rows quicker in connection with a rise in prices for energy resources.In 2011 the ratio of processed and raw production in import made 89% and 11% respectively, and the gain of import of processed production (24,4%) is more, than the gain raw that can promote a competition aggravation between foreign and domestic producers who and so are in rather vulnerable situation . Export grew so quickly mainly thanks to increase in physical volumes of deliveries and prices of oil, oil products, natural gas and radioactive elements uranium. The main buyers of these goods are EX. and China therefore their shares in the total amount of export increased.Volumes of export of other important export goods (ferrous and non-ferrous metals, including gold, and also grain and wheat flour) too increased, but in less than export of energy carriers that led to decrease in a share of these goods in a total amount of export in 2010 in comparison with 2000. It also led to decrease in shares of Russia and Switzerland which are large import-shooting galleries of metals from Astrakhan. During 2000-2010 Astrakhan practically stopped supply of oil and oil products to offshore zones (The Bermuda and British Virgin Islands).Astrakhan exports very few other goods besides energy resources, metals and grain; the share of such goods in the total amount of export decreased from 14% in 2000 to 6% in 2010; if to measure in absolute expression in the prices and at an exchange rate of 2010, this export decreased by 21%. 1. 3 China and Astrakhan on trade Development For Astrakhan, the future of economic relations with China is bilateral. The China-Astrakhan relationship will be strengthened even further by ac cession to the World Trade Organization (WTFO), which will enable Chinese companies to invest more in the Khaki market.Economic relations are also developing to a certain degree in a multilateral context through the Shanghai Cooperation (SOC), even if China's presence by way of the SOC is considerably greater in Gyrations and Atkinson. Thus, the $900 million of credit proposed by in 2004 – and implemented from 2006 onwards -was destined primarily for the region's poorest states, not for Astrakhan. Nevertheless, the Organization has instigated projects involving all the Central Asian states, such as the Caspian Sea-China highway that starts in Russia and crosses Astrakhan, rail connections, and the construction of hydroelectric power stations.However, despite the measures adopted by the SOC Business Council to strengthen linkages between the Central Asian states, government-to-government disagreements often delay their implementation. Several Khaki specialists also complain of the Co's inability to promote its economic strategies in business circles; some of its decisions are said to remain declarations of intent due to a lack of information among business leaders.. It is difficult to obtain a precise assessment of China-Astrakhan trade figures.The official statistics consider a little extent of cross-border trade, and cannot measure he amount of illegal trade, particularly in metals, or contraband, such as acetic anhydride, the chemical required to turn opium into heroin. Some local specialists point out significant differences between the Chinese and Khaki statistics. Thus, when Astrakhan claimed $550 million of trade with China in 1999, Beijing was already confirming more than $1 billion. In 2005, the discrepancy grew wider: Astrakhan, according to Stand, apparently achieved imports from China with a total value of $1. Billion, compared to almost $4 billion according to Beijing, and Stand reported exports to China worth nearly $2. Billion, exceeding t he Chinese figures by more than $500 million. The discrepancy can be attributed partly to political reasons: Stand seeks to overvalue its exports and undervalue Chinese imports in order to reduce a trade balance skewed too greatly in China's favor. In 2006, Astrakhan's trade deficit in relation to its neighbor was at least $1. 14 billion, 15 percent more than in 2005.On the other hand, the discrepancy can be explained by differences in accounting; Khaki businessmen have every reason to undervalue their trade flows in order to avoid taxes, unlike their Chinese counterparts, who receive tax concessions on exports. China's progress is so great that Beijing will soon catch up to Astrakhan's main trade partner, Russia. In 1992, China-Central Asia trade, two-thirds of which is China-Astrakhan trade, was barely $422 million, reaching $512 million in 1993. It plummeted in 1994 as a result of stricter visa processes, then rapidly climbed again, reaching $699 million 1997.It experienced a dec rease ($588 million) again as a result of the Russian economic crisis of the summer of 1998, which similarly affected Central Asia, then began to grow at a rate that seems unstoppable now. Trade passed $1 billion in 2000 before rising tenfold to more than $10 billion in 2006. The volume of trade tripled between 2002 and 2005, but continued to largely favor Chinese exports, which represented two thirds compared to Central Sais's one third. Thus, in 2006, China represented 15. 5 percent of Astrakhan's foreign trade (almost $9 billion), nearing Russian's 18. Percent (almost $11 billion). China's Trade Ministry quoted a figure of $10. 8 billion, which would put Moscow and Beijing on an equal footing, while Vladimir Paramount and Aliases Strokes add another $2 billion or more in illegal read, which would give China trade supremacy over Russia. According to Khaki experts, the bilateral trade figure is expected to reach $15 billion in 2008. The imbalance of power between China and Astrakha n remains glaringly obvious. In 2006, Astrakhan represented only 0. 49 percent of China's foreign trade (the whole of Central Asia representing 0. 60 percent).This imbalance is shifting to foreign investment: in 2005, China injected $1. 2 billion into the Khaki economy (82 percent in the hydrocarbon sector and 14 percent in the construction sector), whereas Astrakhan invested only $7. Million in China. The Chinese and Khaki economies are, however, proving to be complementary to a large degree. More than 80 percent of China's exports to Astrakhan are finished consumer items (textiles, shoes, appliances, toys, electronics, spare parts, pharmaceutical products, foodstuffs), while 85 percent of Astrakhan's exports to China consist of raw materials (petroleum, ferrous and non-ferrous metals).In some sectors such as aluminum, the unidirectional nature of trade flows is impressive: more than 95 percent of Astrakhan. 1. 4 Research Purpose and Science Contribution . 4. 1 Purpose This thesis aims to bring some conclusion like how the Bilateral relations between the countries have proved to be mutually beneficial to both for strategic reasons. The two economies are highly complementary. This thesis has tried to figure out how China can help Astrakhan in many areas since it has a lot of experience in how to develop.And to successfully overcome the negative aftermath of the global financial crisis, also managed to significantly increase the volume of trade and economic cooperation. At the same time the thesis has tried to figure out the active aspects and threat that has arisen in Astrakhan side because of heavily depended on consuming Chinese products and not developing the self-sustainable producing and manufacturing culture. 1. 4. 2 Science contribution With these research questions in mind, the purpose of this dissertation is to investigate how China and Astrakhan will make a business in the future.Keywords: export, import, GAP, Trade, development, bilateral relation. 2 Content and methodology 2. 1 Main content In the research we will analyze the main problems in Trade between China and Astrakhan and how to solve it. Despite stability of trade and economic, more detailed analysis of the Astrakhan-Chinese cooperation revealed a number of the main problems in system of the bilateral economic relations. First, prevalence of a raw orientation in structure of commodity turnover of Astrakhan with China.The analysis of export-import streams shows that about 98% of the Astrakhan export to China are made by strategically important raw materials. The special attention in March, 2008 in Beijing a business forum â€Å"Astrakhan -? China was paid to discussion of this problem: partnership for success†. In speech of the Prime minister of Astrakhan Karri Misaims it was noted that â€Å"the structure of the Astrakhan export to the People's Republic of China keeps a pronounced survey orientation† .The main articles of the Astrakhan export to China - ? goods of survey group: hire of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, scrap metal, oil, and also raw leather, cotton raw, wool. Astrakhan imports from China finished goods, first of all, goods of routinely demand, mechanisms, electric equipment, production of transport mechanical engineering, etc. And the Chinese import to Astrakhan is hardhearted in most cases by goods of not high quality which competes with domestic producer owing to the low price and quantity.During the research we will prove or disprove all our assumption. The thesis will be divided into three parts: 1) The remainder of part I contains a review of the relevant literature, an introduction to the theories used to answer the research questions and a detailed description of the method. These sections focus on the research area and research approach, providing an overall context for the thesis. 2) Part II includes the main analysis of the research subject. ) Part Ill contains a conclusion and recommendations. It summarize s the key findings from the dissertation.It also includes a further scenarios and suggestions for future. 2. 2 Methodology and data The researcher approaches the object subjectively based on their prior understanding of the object. Therefore the authors have chosen the descriptive approach. The descriptive approach does not mean that the authors will find an absolute truth, but rather form an understanding of the investigated subject. This study does not aim to measure the exact phenomena; in contrast we aim to receive a greater understanding of bilateral trade.Since the purpose of this paper was not to find any absolute truths, this approach will give us more freedom to interpret the information we have collected based on the frames of references. We have chosen a qualitative approach in order to be able to collect detailed information from the secondary data regarding the topic. This is of great importance in order to sustain answer to our purpose. This will lead to a greater unde rstanding for their choices regarding our questions and enables us to discuss among those.According to Holmes and Solving (1997) a qualitative approach will help the authors to research the problem more closely and also provides opportunities to ensure validity and reliability of the study . The authors need to interpret and understand the usage of how the area of interest works and how it can be used. It is an advantage if those who will implemental research of qualitative approach have knowledge about the area (Patella & Davidson 2003). According to Barman and Bell (2007), there are researchers who are critical to the qualitative approach due to subjectivity. However, we have tried to be as objective as possible in our study .

North Korea and Human Rights Abuses - 1692 Words

Introduction In the wake of the inquiry into North Korea’s Human Rights Abuses published in February 2014 by the United Nations Human Rights Council, there has been a large global focus on the abuses of human rights by the rogue state. The inquiry, which compares the North Korean regime to that of Nazi Germany (Kirby, Darusman, and Biserko, 2014), has generated widespread global discussion about the conditions within the totalitarian state, and for the international community it is difficult to dismiss the considerable injustices that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s (DPRKs) citizens are suffering under the current North Korean regime. North Korea is a state frozen in time, devoid of any recent social, economical and technological advances, and their inveterate abuse of human rights is widespread and deeply ingrained in their society. 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